SYATIIMAH (SWEAR WORDS) AMONG YOUNG LEARNERS: A CASE STUDY OF SMA NEGERI 1 MAKASSAR

As the student of SMA Negeri 1 Makassar though of swear words, they truly realized that it is prohibited to express, in certain time and condition. In other cases, they as the student often express it in their daily conversation. The researchers are interested discussing the utterances which contain swear words on the student of SMA Negeri 1 Makassar as one ofspeech community in Makassar. This research aims to determine the category and to find out the intended meaning of the swear words they express. The researchers use the descriptive qualitative method to describe the mentioned scope of the problem above because this research has the primary data in the form of utterances that contains swear words which provides rich description about its meaning and category. The approach of this research uses pragmatics for the analysis of the context and SPEAKING factors to assist pragmatics in describing the context and find the intended meaning. As the results, the researcher found that the categories of expressed swearing words in this research are 1. One’s Mother in Law (Sundala; Bitch); 2. Certain Game or Animal (Tolo; Bangsat; Goblok/Geblek; Anjing/Anjay/Anjir; Damn; Asu); 3. Sex/Copulative Term (Fuck); 4. Death (Setan); and 5. Excretion (Tai; Telaso; Shit).The intended meaning of swearing words which expressed by the student of SMA Negeri 1 Makassar is mostly based on its connotative meaning, as the expression of startled and anger. Thus, the intended meaning of the expressions are as the normal response of what is being happened, for casual conversation.


A. INTRODUCTION
The development of language makes several variations of it are established.
Those variations include standard and non-standard language. Standard language is a variety of language that is very formal and used in a formal situation, while nonstandard language is a variety of language that is used in an informal situation. Nonstandard language is usually used when someone is talking to a friend, or to a person who is very close to him or her. In other words, non-standard language is the variety of language that is often used when we communicate with others in our daily life. because they consider that these words to be rude when spoken. 1 Swear words is one way in which a society expresses its disapproval of certain kinds of behavior which believed to be harmful to its members, either for supernatural reasons or because such behavior is held to violate a moral code. 2 It is said generally that people who express swear words are considered to be irritated or angry. In another case, on its development, some facts are found that when someone expresses swear words, it is not only to express the expressions of anger or annoyance, but also used to express other expressions, such as when someone wants to express their intimacy or as a greeting, expressions of surprise, and as expressions for satire. 3 However, swear word is considered as a kind of lower language, gross and disrespectful which is usually uttered by the society thathas a lower educational level.In daily life, it is slightly different as the researcher found.In Makassar, the researcher found that the use of swear words in spoken and written language did not recognize the age limit or the educational level.
As one of the speech communities and as a well-educated community in Makassar, the students of SMA Negeri 1 Makassar are also swear words users.While they in an informal situation, especially when they talk to their friends consciously or not, they usually express swear words in their conversation. It shows that the language usage of students tends to be less good and seemsrude.Seeing from theeducational In analyzing the expressed swear words, the researchers use several theories.
These theories are pragmatics, SPEAKING theory, and swear words category.
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics especially semiotics that studies how context contributes to meaning. 4 Pragmatics is the study of how context affects meaning, such as how sentences are interpreted in certain situations (or the interpretation of linguistic meaning in context). 5 In this case, the researcher things that pragmatics looks beyond the denotative meaning of aspeech or utterance.Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. 6 Pragmatics considers three things, they are the negotiation of meaning between speaker and listener, the context of the utterance, and the meaning potential of an utterance. 7 In describing the context of a conversation, when the speaker uses swearing words in conversation, the researcher applies the SPEAKING theory from Hymes. In communication, when a person speaks something, there must be factors that influence his utterance,the factors namely: (S) Setting and Scene of speech, (P) Participants, (E) Ends, (A) Action Sequence, (K) Key, (I) Instrumentalities, (N) Norm, and (G) Genre. 8 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics, (accessed on March 7, 2020). 5 https://ielanguages.com/pragmatics.html, (accessed on March 7, 2020). 6 Stephen C. Levinson,Pragmatics,p. 9. 7 Jenny Thomas, Meaning  Taboo is related to a cultural meaning which is expressed in language. Every society has its way to express its taboo. Taboo exists not only in terms of words but also in terms of gestures, pictures, attitudes, behavior, and so on. Taboo words are those that are to be avoided entirely or at least avoided in mixed company or polite company. 9 Typical examples involved common swear words such asDamn! or Shit!.

B. METHOD
This type of research uses qualitative method, because it describes the data using narrative description rather than using statistics. One of the characteristic of qualitative research is without using numerical analysis. The data also concerned appear in words rather than in numbers. The detailed approach to the description is necessary to obtain a complete understanding of the setting and to accurately reflect the complexity of the expressed swearing words. The researcher uses qualitative research also because this research has the primer data in the form of utterances which is provide rich description and analysis of the data.
The methodology of collecting data are done through two ways, library research and field research. Library resesarch is done by reading relevant textbooks, published articles, theses, and also by searching related studies on the internet. Field research is done through direct interview and note-taking. The researcher take a voice recording and write a note while interviewing the respondents. The researcher randomly selected the respondents In this study. The researcher limits the object of interview to three students each grade as the source of data. As the data obtained that the expressed swear words not only from English but Indonesian and Makassarese too. Thus, for Makassarese swear words the researcher will find out the equivalent of its meaning in Indonesian first then in English. The obtained data also shows that there are several modified swearing words be expressed by the student like geblek, anjir, and anjay.For the modified swear words, the researcher will show it on table 2. The term Tai or Tahi is an Indonesian word for (n) -feces/shit/excretion.
From WordWeb Dictionary the researcher found several meanings of it, including 1) Solid excretory product evacuated from the bowels; 2) Obscene word for unacceptable behavior; 3) An interjection, Exclamation of annoyance. 11 From 11 WordWeb Version 4.0 (offline dictionary application for mobile phone). According to the swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Excretion". The researcher categorized it into Excretion category based on explanation the category that it is excrement that came out from our body. This explanation is following the meaning of Tai as a solid excretory product evacuated from the bowels.
The visible disembodied soul of a dead person; 2). A mental representation of some haunting experience; and 3). (Judeo-Christian and Islamic religions) chief spirit of evil and adversary of God; tempter of mankind; master of hell. 13 From www.urbandictionary.com the researcher found for ghost including 1). Government intelligence agents in 1960's America; 2). The discarnate soul of a deceased human being or animal still occupying the physical realm; and 3). An interjection used to express amazement at some unlikely act or strange object. 14 According to the swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Death". The researcher categorized it into Death category based on the explanation of the category that it is related to death, referring to something supernatural and also related to afterlife. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Setan as a supernatural being. 12 https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=shit (accessed on May 12, 2020 at ??:??) 13 WordWeb Version 4.0 (offline dictionary application for mobile phone). 14 https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Ghost (accessed on May 12, 2020).

. para dia ji berkelahi!"
The term tolo is a Makassarese term that comes from Indonesian word Tolol. This word stands for (adj.) -stupid/fool/dumb/; (n) -moron. From WordWeb Dictionary the researcher found several meanings of it, including 1).
Lacking or marked by lack of intellectual acuity; 2). Lacking intelligence; and 3). A person of subnormal intelligence. 15 While from www.urbandictionary.com, the researcher found for stupid including 1). Lacking ordinary quickness and keenness of mind; and 2). Annoying or irritating; troublesome; 3). Name for a person,any type of person; and 4) a slang term that can be used in anger or friendship. 16 According to the swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Certain Game or Animal". The researcher categorized it into Certain Game or Animal category based on the explanation of the category that it is related to behaviors of animal which is lack of intelligence than humans. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Tolo as a lack of intellectual. d. Bangsat e.g. "Bangsat ini anak... kentut baru orang sementara makan." The term bangsatis an Indonesian word for (n) -bastard/scoundrel/rotter. From WordWeb Dictionary the researcher found several meanings of it, including 1). A child with parents that are not married to each other; 2). Insulting term of address for people who are stupid, irritating or ridiculous; 3). Something large and impressive, especially when difficult or unpleasant to manage; and 4). A person who is deemed to be despicable or contemptible. 17 While from www.urbandictionary.com the researcher found for bastard including 1). A term used to describe someone who disregards other people in pursuit of their 15 WordWeb Version 4.0 (offline dictionary application for mobile phone). 16 https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=stupid (accessed on May 12, 2020).
17 WordWeb Version 4.0 (offline dictionary application for mobile phone).

Jurnal Al-Dustur
Vol. 3 No. 2 Tahun 2020 Program Studi Hukum Tata Negara Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Bone own self-interest; 2). A smelly bedbug; 3). A dishonest or unscrupulous person; a rogue; and 4). Refers to the second rate of Spanish Sack of wines. 18 According to the swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Certain Game or Animal". The researcher categorized it into Certain Game or Animal category that it is related to behavior of animal which is had sexual intercourse out of wedlock. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Bangsat as A child born out of wedlock.
e. Goblok e.g. "Makanya belajar ko goblok... Hahaha" The term goblok is an Indonesian word for (adj.) -stupid/fool/dumb. This term is equal in meaning with Tolol and Bodoh. From WordWeb Dictionary the researcher found several meanings of it, including 1). Lacking or marked by lack of intellectual acuity; 2). Lacking intelligence; and 3). A person of subnormal intelligence. 19 While from www.urbandictionary.com the researcher found for stupid including 1). Lacking ordinary quickness and keenness of mind; and 2).
Annoying or irritating; troublesome; and 3). Name for a person,any type of person; and 4). A slang term that can be used in anger or friendship. 20 According to swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Certain Game or Animal". The researcher categorized it into Certain Game or Animal category based on the explanation of the category that it is related to behaviors of animal which is lack of intelligence than humans. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Goblok as a lack of intelligence.
f. Anjing e.g."Deh, banyak salah jawabanku... anjing." The term anjingis an Indonesian word for (n) -dog. From WordWeb Dictionary the researcher found several meanings of it, including 1). A member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds; 2 reprehensible. 21 While from www.urbandictionary.com, the researcher found for dog including 1). An informal term for a man; 2). Your best friend; and 3). Human best friend; and 4). An obscene term used to describe an enraging situation. 22 According to swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Certain Game or Animal". The researcher categorized it into Certain Game or Animal category based on the explanation of the category that it is related to animal and its behaviors. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Anjing as a four-legged creature (member of the genus Canis).
From WordWeb Dictionary the researcher found several meanings of it, including 1). Female of any member of the dog family; 2). An unpleasant difficulty; and 3).
A person (usually but not necessarily a woman) who is thoroughly disliked. 23 While from www.urbandictionary.com, the researcher found for bitch including 1). A vulgar slang term for slut; and 2). A women who had many affairs with more of one man. 24 According to swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "One's Mother in Law". The researcher categorized it into One's Mother in Law category based on the explanation of the category that this term is used to describe a woman who had affair with many parnerts. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Sundala as slut.
h. Bitch e.g."Jangan nangis bro, masih banyak ji bitch. hahah" 21 WordWeb Version 4.0 (offline dictionary application for mobile phone). The term bitchis an English word. Old usage of this term is for a female dog, but later became an euphemism for slut in the 1800's America. From WordWeb Dictionary the researcher found several meanings of it, including 1). Female of any member of the dog family; 2). An unpleasant difficulty; and 3). A person (usually but not necessarily a woman) who is throughly dislike. 25 While from www.urbandictionary.com, the researcher found for bitch including 1). A vulgar slang term for slut; and 2). A women who had many affair with more of one man. 26 According to swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "One's Mother in Law". The researcher categorized it into One's Mother in Law category based on the explanation of the category that this term is used to describe a woman who had affair with many partners. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Bitch as bad woman (slut) and as a female dog that hits and runs by any male dog.
i. Telaso e.g."Telaso! ditilang ka Polantas tadi malam di jalan veteran." The term telaso comes from Tailaso/Tahi laso. This is a Makassarese word, coarse term to insult someone or something. The researcher did not found any equal term in English of it, but literally this term means (n) -penial excrement/penis' filth. In Makassar, this word is usually used to express anger, pique, or regret.
According to swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Excretion". The researcher categorized it into Excretion category based on the explanation of the category that this term is one of excrement of man's body. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Telaso as excrement of the penis. While from www.urbandictionary.com the researcher found for shit including 1).
A slang term to describe an address for people who are stupid or ridiculous; 2). A slang term means an insult describing that person as a poop;3). A slang term for useless thing or person. 28 According to swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Excretion". The researcher categorized it into Excretion category based on the explanation of the category that it is excrement which came out from our body. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Shit as a fecal matter evacuated from the bowels.
k. Asu e.g."Sini pulpenku asu..." The term asu is one of the coarse exclamations in South Sulawesi. All of the regions and ethnic groups in South Sulawesi know and use this term in exclamation. This term is equal in meaning with (n) -dog. From WordWeb Dictionary the researcher found several meanings of it, including 1). A member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds; 2). A dull, unattractive, unpleasant girl or woman; and 3). Someone who is morally reprehensible. 29 While from www.urbandictionary.com, the researcher found including 1). An informal term for a man; 2). Your best friend; and 3). Human best friend; and 4). an obscene term used to describe an enraging situation. 30 According to swear words category by Ronald Wardhaugh, this term belongs to "Certain Game or Animal". The researcher categorized it into Certain Game or Animal category based on the explanation of the category that it is 27 WordWeb Version 4.0 (offline dictionary application for mobile phone). The Categories of Swearing Words related to animal and its behaviors. This explanation is in accordance with the meaning of Asu as a four-legged creature (a member of the genus Canis).

condition. This conversation is a close friend conversation in annoying situation.
According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence and context above the researcher conclude that the intended meaning of term setan in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is an interjection used to express amazement at some unlikely act or strange object.As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Fuad was want to tell Farid angrily that "why did you forget the appointment?". c. "Tolo inie... para dia ji berkelahi!"

Corpus
Tolo ini para dia ji berkelahi

Morphem break
Tolo ini para dia ji berkelahi information about this occurrence explains the researcher that they are in a serious conversation. This conversation is a close friend conversation in an annoying situation. According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence, and context above the researcher conclude that the intended meaning of term tolo in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is a slang term that can be used in anger or friendship. As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Iksan was want to tell Wahyu and Andi angrily that "close friends did not fight of each other." d. "Bangsat ini anak... kentut baru orang sementara makan."

Morphem break
Bangsat ini anak kentut baru orang sementara applied in this conversation is the friendship norm. In this conversation, the relationship between Widya, Anwar, Fauzi, and Akbar is a close friend.
When Septian expresses it his manner was serious. At the moment he was peevish. The tone of his voice was high, his spirit was irritated. He thinks that it is an irreverent behavior. The information about this occurrence implies the researcher that they are in a serious conversation. This conversation is a close friend conversation in an annoying situation. According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence and context above the researcher conclude that the intended meaning of term bangsat in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is "insulting term of address for people who are stupid, irritating or ridiculous." Then as the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Septian was want to tell Anwar angrily that "such a disgust person, why did you so impolite?". e. "Makanya belajar ko goblok... Hahaha"

Gloss
Thus learn you stupid (laughing)

Part of speech
Conj., verb, pronoun, adjective, verb the Aswan's complaint. The norm that applied in this conversation is the friendship norm. In this conversation, the relationship between Kiki, Aswan, and Zulfikar is a close friend.
When Kiki express it her manner was easy. At the time she was sarcastic.
The tone of her voice was normal, her spirit also. She thinks that it is a funny case, so she mocking upon Aswan. The information about this occurrence implies the researcher that they are in a casual conversation. This conversation is a close friend conversation in an amusing situation. According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence, and context above the researcher concludes that the intended meaning of term Goblok in this expression is the same as its denotative meaning, which is "lack of intellectual acuity." As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Kiki was want to tell Aswan easily that "you should learn before the test begins." f. "Deh, banyak salah jawabanku... anjing."

Gloss
Oh many wrong answer me dog When Aswan express "Deh, banyak salah jawabanku... anjing." his manner was serious. At the moment he was cranky. The tone of his voice was low, his spirit was melancholy. He thinks that the exam will run properly, but in fact, it is not. The information about this occurrence implies the researcher that they are in a casual conversation. This conversation is a close friend conversation in a melancholy situation. According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence, and context above the researcher conclude that the intended meaning of term anjing in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is an obscene term used to describe an enraging situation.As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Aswan was want to tell Kiky and Zulkifli that "he was lament because did not learn much about the test." g. "Sundala itu anak!"

Gloss
Son of a bitch that kid because he was asked by his father to go back home soon. The norm that applied in this conversation is a friendship norm. The friendship norm applied to Rezky as the speaker and Ryan as the interlocutor. In this conversation the relationship between Rezky and Ryan they are as a close friend.

Part of speech
When Rezki expresses ithis manner was serious. At the moment he was annoyed. As we can see from the chat, Rezki looks angry. The information about this occurrence implies the researcher that they are in a serious conversation.
This conversation is a close friend conversation in an irritating situation.
According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence, and context above the researcher concludes that the intended meaning of term sundala in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is a term for a person who is thoroughly disliked.As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Rezki was want to tell Ryan that "he was totally angry toward Fariz." h. "Jangan nangis bro, masih banyak ji bitch. hahah"

Gloss
Don't cry brother still many only bitch hahaha When Ilham express it his manner was easy. At the moment he was mediocre. The tone of his voice was normal, his spirit was calm. Alfian was sad at the time. The information about this occurrence implies the researcher that they are in a casual conversation. This conversation is a close friend conversation in a melancholy situation. According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence, and context above the researcher concludes that the intended meaning of term Bitch in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is "a vulgar slang term for slut." As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Alfian was want to tell Ilham that "do not be sad."

Corpus
Telaso Home. The scene of the expression above is when all of them heading to Syukran's home to finish their school task after school. Each of them riding their own motorbike. They were separated while on the way to Syukran's home. At the time, Fikri was the last person who arrived at Syukran's home. He got ticketed by the police because he was breaking the traffic light. The norm that applied in this conversation is the friendship norm. In this conversation, the relationship between Ilham and Alfian is a close friend.
When Fikri expresses it his manner was serious. At the moment he was peevish. The tone of his voice was high, his spirit was annoyed. Fikri was pale a while thinking of his ticket. The information about this occurrence implies the researcher that they are in a serious conversation. This conversation is a close friend conversation in an annoying situation. According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence, and context above the researcher concludes that the intended meaning of term Telaso in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is "coarse term to insult someone or something."As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Fikri was want to tell Riswan, Hadi, and Syukran that "he was upset by that occasion." j. "Shit... lupa ka kerja tugas bro."

Corpus
Shit lupa ka kerja tugas bro This sentence is expressed by Rezki Annas,a 12 th grader. Addressed to his seatmate as the listener, named Yudi. The setting while he expresses it was in their classroom, exactly on their seat. The scene of the expression above is when all of the students were asked by their teacher about their homework that has been given last week. This occurrence happens when Rezki and Yudi open their bag and look for the book. At the time, Rezki was opened his book and find nothing, he forgetsto do his homework at night because he was watching a football match till late at night. The norm that applied in this conversation is the friendship norm. In this conversation, the relationship between Rezki and Yudi is a close friend.

Morphem break
When Rezki expresses it his manner was serious. At the moment he felt guilty. The tone of his voice was normal, his spirit was depressed. He thinks that he will get a punishment. The information about this occurrence implies the researcher that they are in a serious conversation. This conversation is a close friend conversation in a guilty situation. According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence, and context above the researcher concludes that the intended meaning of term Shit in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is "obscene word for unacceptable behavior." As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Rezki was want to tell Yudi that "he forgot to do his homework and regret it." k. "Sini pulpenku asu..."

Gloss
Here pen me dog

Part of speech
Adverb noun pronoun noun This sentence is expressed by Rahmat, 11 th grader. Addressed to Wahyu as the listener. The setting while he expresses it was in school, precisely in their classroom, and the time was morning. The scene of the expression above is when they want to do a task from their teacher. Wahyu was in front of Rahmat seat. At the time, Rahmat was in hurry to finish his task, he wants to finish earlier than the other students. When he just want to start, one of his friends hides his pen. It was Wahyu who hide it, he was nosey Wahyu was hiding Rahmat's pen, he hides it in his pocket. Rahmat sees his act and complaining.The norm that applied in this conversation is the friendship norm. In this conversation, the relationship between Rahmat and Wahyu is a close friend.
When Rahmat express it his manner was serious. At the time he was peevish. The tone of his voice was normal, but his spirit was annoyed. He was in a hurry to finish his task. The information about this occurrence implies the researcher that they are in a serious conversation. This conversation is a close friend conversation in an annoying situation. According to discussions about the meaning, occurrence, and context above the researcher concludes that the intended meaning of term Asu in this expression is the same as its connotative meaning, which is "an obscene term used to describe an enraging situation." As the whole intended meaning of this expression, the researcher concludes that Rahmat was want to tell Wahyu that "i am in hurry, do not bother me."

D. CONCLUSION
In this study, the researcher found that the categorization of swearing words which contained in students' utterances are based on its literal or denotative meaning.
As from the discussion about the intended meaning, the researcher found that the intended meaning of swearing words expressed by the student of SMA Negeri 1