ETHICAL ASPECT OF DIPLOMACY OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (BASIC PRINCIPLE)

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that discusses good and bad. This study still relevant to be examined and discussed until now, because by studying ethics, someone is able to find and obtain all the good things as well as to avoid the bad. However, ethics is often separated from the practice of life, one of them is modern diplomacy. Diplomacy is all the efforts made to regulate the relationship among nations. Thus, ethics of diplomacy in this sense can be meant as a basic principle or practice of diplomacy which is accountable, tolerant, and fair. Since this study is attempted to reveal how the ethics of diplomacy of Prophet Muhammad, then this study uses ethical perspective of Islam. In this approach, researcher used: first, the descriptive analysis methods to further explore the basic principle regarding diplomacy of Prophet Muhammad. Second, the critical analysis method to discover the implications and problems of the principles and practice of diplomacy in the modern era. Regarding this method, it was discovered that in fact the basic principle and practice of diplomacy of Prophet Muhammad are based on tawhīd .


INTRODUCTION
Diplomacy in the context of interstate relationships has long been described with poor connotations. This has long been predicted in semantics through historical processes and journeys. The Machiavelli tradition, author of The Prince, has split sharply between the art of negotiation and morality in both national and international ethics and experience justification of moral questions, ranging from things historically and currently estimates that rated the most important. 7 Actual theoretical and practical or applied distinction is not absolute.
Depending on the emphasis and their interest in studying this field. Thoughts on ethics can be grouped into two approaches in a wide sense: theological and deontological.
The theological approach that emphasizes results, mirrored by the utilitarianism that gives value to efficiency and results through maximization of existing amid limited resources in a society. Ethics here are mainly about the purpose or telos from the actions of "goodness" that will be achieved, including the impact of the action on an individual or group. 8 System of ethics in this tradition include the theories of "consequential" that tries to maximize the yield of value or "good" and minimize the damaging.
Consequentalism is utilitarianism a form in which the results achieved (valuable outcomes) are formulated in terms of the usefulness of the utility. The contrast with the approach of the deontological suggests that a number of actions and obligations bound to do regardless of what the consequences. Focus on action than on its consequences seen in single theories such as categorical imperative nonconsequentialist rule of Immanuel Kant (1724Kant ( -1804 In the ethics of "duty" or de-ontological, of conduct especially regarding the rights and obligations of agents that take precedent over the feelings or inclinations of the individual. Then there is also called virtue ethics, i.e. conduct primarily about developing a personal and citizens who do virtuous. Ethics is not featured on a set of principles formulated does not change but to make someone better. There are also called community care and ethics, ethical deliberations should mean prioritizing 7 Zulkarimein Nasution, Etika Jurnalisme; Prinsip-prinsip Dasar, (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2017) p. 28. 8 Ibid., p. 29. 9 Donald M. Borchert (ed.), Encyclopedia of Phylosophy, vol. 3, ….., p. 382. maintenance responsible relationships and have a concern intercultural relations that respect people 's dignity, humanity, and unity. 10 This approach is inherent in a "communitarian ethics" that looked at values as part of practices together in a community. According to this view, too much of Western ethics that emphasizes individual rights which completely disintegrate and at the same time ignoring their obligations. Ethical theories have been grouped into: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. 11 Metaethics deals with the moral assessment of properties, where it comes from a study of the concepts of ethics and what understanding; in particular, if there are any ethical system which is independent of our own opinions which can be applied to all situations, time, and place. 12 While normative ethics concerned with the content of moral and criteria about what is wrong or right. This is a search will be a principle or principles that guide human conduct or set that tell us what is right and wrong. A norm is the same as standard, so the normative ethics is an attempt to find a single test or criterion of what makes the behavior so morally correct and what is not. Applied ethics is the application of ethical principles in concrete situations encountered. Study of the problem or specific issues with the use of or implementing ideas such as moral ethics are examined in the normative, and based on lessons learned from metaethics. 13 10 Ibid., p. 386. 11 Louis Alvin Day, (2006), Ethics in Media Communication: Cases and Controversies (5th ed). (Belmont CA: Wadsworth). See also Zulkarimein Nasution, Etika Jurnalisme;Prinsip-prinsip Dasar, (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2017), p. 28. 12 Metaethics addresses second-order questions about the meaning and status of moral judgements, for example, "What does it mean to say that something is good or bad, or right or wrong?", "Are moral judgments statements that purport to be true or false?", and "In what sense, if any, can moral judgments be true or false (or correct or incorrect)?" Metaethical questions have been discussed throughout the history of philosophy, but systematic work on metaethics began early in the twentieth century with the publication of G.E. Moore's Principia Ethica (1993). See also Donald M. Borchert (ed.) Applied ethics at any time could coincide with political or social issues but it always comes to a moral dimension. Nevertheless, the distinction of "theoretical and applied" are not absolute, but rather a matter of emphasis and interest. All thoughts of serious ethical considerations will include practical and theoretical physicist. Ethical issues include a broad range of subjects such as: personal ethics (the question of basic values and plan one's life), professional ethics (principles and practice of primary professions), social and political ethics (the contents of the justice social and political rights), environmental ethics (against ethical treatment of animals), Communication (media, public relations, and journalism). 14 One way of approaching ethics is focused on one of the four aspects of the ethical situation: rights, good, virtue, communal relationships with others; how it relates to relationships with other parties. A few questions regarding ethical behavior is the right among others: is an act of respect or violate anyone's rights or obligations? So, what is "good" to be achieved is often valued as a consequence of the actions that are detrimental or beneficial. Applied ethics examines issues or specific issues with using philosophical methods, identify the morally correct course of action in various areas of life. 15 Most of the applied ethics, supported by three theories, namely: first, utilitarianism; that the practical consequences of the various actions are assessed based on the assumption that the right policy is that yield the most happiness. The theory was developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873 distinguishes between an act and morality utilitarian rule. In a further development, this theory has undergone adjustments, especially by Henry Sidgwick  Memorial Lecture which posited the idea of motive or intent in morality, is a way of determining good and bad. Second, Socrates, for his suffering is always better than evil. So he proposed a view which does not see the consequences but the inner principles. Therefore, the fun is one of its components. Third, Plato, he looked good as a forma eternal which must be realized in human life. According to Plato, it is good if people are ruled by reason, while the man is bad if it is ruled by lust and desire. Why is this so? Because as long as we are ruled by passion and emotion, we are ruled by outside of us. That means, we do not regularly, we're drawn to it over here, we become topsy-turvy. We seemed to be torn to pieces, depending on appetite or emotions which are driving us. We don't choose who we are, but rather become the object of irrational impulses within us. On the other hand, when we are dominated by common sense, we mastered ourselves, we based ourselves, we become one. Rational living means united with himself. The man, it sure enjoys peace with himself. Thus, when we mastered ourselves through common sense, we enjoyed three things: Union with yourself, calm, and quiet self ownership. 19 Fourth, Aristotle, the purpose of life is happiness or eudaimonia (welfare, peace). Virtues can be found by searching for the golden middle way (Via Media Aura). The ten founders of utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham. For him, the goal to be achieved is the largest for the greatest number of goodness. Hedonism is a good way to understand. We are invited to take into account the balance -the pleasure and also suffering in resolving ethical issues. Eleventh, Nietzsche considered that the purpose of life is the will to power, and this must be translated into excellence that exceeds the usual dimensions of goodness and badness. The twelve, G.E. Moore looked at that as a simple nature, which cannot be defined with terms that are not ethical. This view is  Hedonism, is a term which refers to either of two distinct but related views, one of a thesis in normative ethics, the other a generalization about human psychology. According to ethical hedonism, it is affirms that only pleasure is intrinsically desirable and that only displeasure or pain is intrinsically undesirable.
More fully stated, it is the thesis that only pleasant states of mind are desirable in its self than another state of affairs if and only if it contains more (in some sense) pleasant states of mind than the other (the quantity of value in a state of affairs being measured by the quantity of pleasure in it). 24 And this thesis has been defended by distinguished line of philosophers from the early Greeks to the present, including Aristippus, Epicurus, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Jeremy Bentham, J.S. Mill, and Henry Sidgwick. Also other philosophers have thought that happiness is the only thing that is intrinsically desirable; and if saying that a man is happy at a given time is the same as saying that he is experiencing pleasure at the time, then their names could be added to this roster.
Many philosophers, however, have thought that happiness is different from pleasure, and there has been disagreement and confusion about what happy and pleasure mean. 25 Eudemonism, any of several philosophical theories which maintain that man's greatest good exists in some form of mental or spiritual happiness. 26 The term literally refers to a condition of happiness by a generous spirit. Applied to all ethical theory that takes the main purpose of human happiness as the term is particularly associated with the ethics of Aristotle formulated. Aristotle on eudaimonia refers to a special type Utilitarianism, the belief that the right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. 31 Utilitarianism appears as an ethics system has grown, even as the establishment of a rather unpretentious life. This doctrine says that a good person is the person who brings the most benefit. But the fact is, something useful can not stand on its own; something always useful for something else. 32 The first outlines the Philosopher utilitarianism explicitly and systematically is Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)   Vitalism, The term derives from the Latin "vita" meaning of life. Therefore, the term refers to an earlier ethics that view life as the highest good, which teaches that good behavior is behavior that is adding to the vitality, while bad behavior is behavior that reduce even the destructive power of life. Therefore, human should always try to make his life away from the dangerous things that interrupt the progress and In Islamic perspective, happiness expressed by the term sa'ādah: Happiness according to the perspective of Islam is expressed by the term of sa'ādah, and it relates to two dimensions of existence: to the hereafter (ukhrawiyyah) and to the present world (dunyawiyyah). The contrary of sa'ādah is shaqāwah, which conveys the meaning of great misfortune in misery in general. With respect to the hereafter sa'ādah refers to ultimate happiness, which is everlasting felicity and bliss, the highest being the Vision of God, promised to those who in worldly life have lived in willing submission and conscious and knowing obedience of God's commands and prohibitions. This being so, we see that the relation of sa'ādah to the hereafter is very closely connected with its relation to the present world, with respect to which it relates to three things: 1. To the self (nafsiyyah) such as pertains to knowledge and good character; 2. To the body (badaniyyah) such as good health and security; and 3. To things external to the self and the body (khārijiyyah) such as wealth and other causes that promote the well being of the self, the body, and the external things and circumstances in relation to them. 40 At glance, happiness in nowadays not only related with the secular life but also interconnected with the life which interpreted and guided by religion and derived from revelations.
The mothers of ethics and their origins are four: wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. And by wisdom we mean a self-condition that realizes the right of error in all elective acts. We mean by justice a case of self and a power that decay of anger and lust and carry them wisely and adjust them in the borrowing and contraction according to their rules. We mean with courage that the power of anger is submissive to the 39 Deny, Ethics and the Qur'an, p. 108. In Yasien Mohamed, The Path To Virtue,….., p. 4. 40 See al-Ghazali, Ihyā' Ulūm al-Dīn, Cairo, 1939, 4v., vol.3, p.229. As for the terms sa'ādah and its contrary shaqāwah, these are ultimately derived from the Qur'an, Hud, (11): 105-108. With regard to the three things to which happiness relates in this world, see also Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, tr. Sir According to , in Tahdzīb Al-Akhlāq, which contains by seven chapters, the third chapter is the core of the discussion of ethics, talk about goodness and happiness. Goodness is the last destination. But, something useful to achieve the goal could also we call with kindness. Happiness is also good in relation to its owner and the perfection for the owner. Miskawayh confirms that human happiness is not the same as the happiness of a horse, or something every happiness lies in the completeness and perfection of each something that. 42 While the desired goodness, every individual is an object that can be attempted and there is its essence; it is the universal goodness to mankind. Happiness is good in relation to the person or others, it is relative, and its essence is uncertain. However, it differs based on the person who performed it, while goodness is absolutely no difference. There are times when happiness is considered also owned by beings who do not think. If it is so, then happiness is merely the readiness of the creatures to reach perfection without the desired and attempted. The readiness of it relates to the tendency, inclination, or the same as in the case of a thinking creature use his will. As for the obtained by animals from eating, drinking, as well as the rest of him should we call with luck and happiness not worth mentioning as well as with humans. 43 The above definition of absolute goodness is right, because no reason may receive an effort or motion that is not the end and this is the main principle of reason.
For example, any efforts, aspirations, and act sincere goal is a certain kindness, and did In other opinion, Isaac Goldberg defined that diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way. Italian diplomat and author, Daniele Varé said that diplomacy is the art of letting other people have your way. But in the digital age, anyone can be a diplomat. Progressively, every person necessary to be diplomat. They don't need to be working for a foreign ministry to do the vital work. They are working in communities, in NGO's, in media, in business, and so on in government. They are called citizen diplomats. Therefore, diplomacy is not a creed or a code, but it's based on human reflex. 49 Based on Hans J. Morgenthau, diplomacy is the brains of national power, as national moral is its soul. And diplomacy is the instrument of accomodation to establish the precondition for permanent peace. 50 Therefore, the high quality of 46  Diplomatic history is an aspect in which ideas of improvability and improvement in a set of key role for direction. Improvement become the standard theme to understand in terms of bureucratic progress, currently systematization.
Nevertheless, the most effective exponent of this approach was Matthew Anderson, he is an expert on 18th century, one of researcher who search for longer-term peacekeeping operations. Preventive diplomacy is one of the kinds of diplomacy undertaken especially by Third World countries in order to prevent the involvement of superpower countries in the settlement of a local or regional conflict owned by the Third World country. But in 1992 then Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, called for more 'preventive diplomacy', by which he meant not just his personal diplomatic activity but also fact-finding and the 'preventive deployment' of 'peacekeeping' missions within and between states, the latter not necessarily with the agreement of both sides. A mission with this term in its title operated on the Macedonian border with Yugoslavia and Albania from 1995 to 1999. The variety of activities that the term has been used to designate makes it an unsatisfactory one. 56 Began to develop after the cold war or in the early 20 th century. In general, this diplomacy is conducted with the aim of preventing conflicts between government and minority groups within a country, preventing disputes and conflicts openly, and preventing the spread of conflicts. Preventive diplomacy is still doubtful and not all countries are aware of the importance of preventive diplomacy. In addition to the distrust between the conflicting parties, and the assumption that diplomacy is an old, irrelevant way, it can hamper the process of conflict resolution. On the positive side, however, some experts argue that this diplomacy is regarded as an effective way to solve the crisis in the world, and the use of mediators also makes this diplomacy a diplomacy that expands the most impossible conflict as third parties seek to end the conflict. Public diplomacy played more important role in the world affairs and international relations. As a result, the public has an interest in public diplomacy increased, making the audience a substantial academic and professional to new works in fields. 58 It is generally accepted that public diplomacy should utilize the new communication technology. The Internet offers at once provides a great opportunity, including social media such as Blogs, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Cell phone usage has also increased allowing the public diplomacy through short messages and instant photographs, and satellite television presents a promising of its own self. This development has been touted as an opportunity that has to be captured, and fastly. 59 Public diplomacy in 21 th century also become trend which dominated by fractal globalization, preemptive military invasion, information and communication technologies that shrink time and distance, and the rise of global non-state actors (terror networks, bloggers) that challenge state-driven policy and discourse on the subject. 60 However, in recent years, "public diplomacy " has become the new keyword between diplomatic theory and practitioners. At the time of the spread of democracy and to enhance the political interests of the mass media, communicating with "demos" likely to become more and more important. 61 According to the proponents of current public diplomacy, diplomats should change themselves "from being a journalist and lobbyist on issues that are reactive to 58  the creation of a public debate around the world. 62 In short, public diplomacy, including the efforts of the Government of one country to influence public opinion or the elites of other countries to convince the public to regard positive foreign policy, goals and ideas. 63 The challenge for diplomats today, so they have to move from supplying information to capture the imagination. Public diplomacy operates in three dimensions. First, is a communication on issues of daily diplomacy, aligning with the news cycle. Second, dimension of strategic communication, manage the overall perception of the country. Third, dimension is the long-term development of lasting relationships with key individuals through scholarships, exchanges, seminars and the like. The third dimension is the long-term development of lasting relationships with key individuals through scholarships, exchanges, seminars and the like. In this process, the Foreign Ministry has discovered the potential of the Internet as a medium for the dissemination of information to the audience members are highly educated and influential foreign communities around the world. 64 Third, cultural diplomacy, which means connected with the culture of a particular society or group, its customs, beliefs, etc. 65 Or pertaining to or developing culture. 66 So, the term cultural diplomacy is indeed not a new vocabulary. We often hear it, at least we mean cultural diplomacy just as a tool to manage the relationship between Nations and consider culture only as art. Tulus Warsito and Wahyuni China protested the intrusion of Japan in North China, while Japan believe their presence is justified by the existence of the turbulent instability. Dewey stated that the unofficial "people's diplomacy" and an educated public opinion can provide a better solution to the conflict than can the official diplomacy. But he also admitted that public opinion was informed by cultural bias or manipulated by apologetics of propaganda could turn into powerful tools and dangerous if not informed by good will and wisdom.  New Republic Pamphlet No. 1 (New York: Republic Publishing Company, November 12, 1921), p. 9. In Jon Thares Davidann, Cultural Diplomacy in U.S.-Japanese Relations, 1919-1941, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007 Peatroleum, 1912-1945(London, 2009); for the situation in 1951-3, see S. Marsh, Anglo-American Relations and Cold War Oil: Crisis in Iran (Basingstoke, 2003). In Jeremy Black, A history of Diplomacy, (London: Reaktion Books, 2010), p. 208.

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Vol. 4 No. 2 Tahun 2021 ProgramStudiHukum Tata Negara Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Bone also all over economic aspects, 75 besides there was also strong American support for the Jewish state in Palestine. 76 Fifth, humanitarian diplomacy, negotiation is the least problematic function for humanitarian diplomacy, humanitarian officials have been involved in the substantive diplomacy to achieve the goal of humanity. Humanitarian officials using conventional methods of diplomacy to a greater degree or small. They send signals through their personal behavior and language they use. They practice judicious use of confidentiality and the more they use the publicity, that is, the media, as an ally in achieving goals.
However, there are some humanitarian officials, trained in aspects of the mechanism of Personal diplomacy. So, some humanitarian officials are uncomfortable with the idea that the success of the mission may have a lot to do with their private behavior as a technical and professional with the ability to provide assistance to recipients the benefit of the poor. 77 Humanitarian officials rarely avoid this part of the diplomatic role, however, as the Government and the diplomatic community partners assume this role to them.
The host Government, in particular, by see the personal conduct of officials as reflecting an attitude of human society itself. Sometimes it is assumed that officials of multilateral institutions, including the humanitarian agencies, and officials of nongovernmental organizations that are less likely than State actors to start negotiations with the private or the secret with the host Government. This assumption was made on the basis of intergovernmental organizations that are openly accountable as an institution that regularly produce reports on every aspect of their activities things that are done in front of many people. The Organization of non-governmental organizations Personal or confidential negotiations remain because it as a method of used by humanity. Humanitarian actors are also using the instrument of publicity as part of the completeness of the diplomatic method. For example, they can use the international press conference to warn of '' saturation '' of donor countries. One goal might be to increase the awareness of the needs of the State among the international audience and appeal for funding. Other destinations may be signaled to the recipient Governments that lack of cooperation could result in a diminution or cut resources. 79 In Islamic tradition, diplomacy defined as the tool for da'wah to the new religion. And declaration of war defending his dignity and his country, and enabling him to conclude treaties with the representatives of the Amish and conquered cities which have been practiced in Prophet Muhammad era until Umawy era. 80 Diplomacy for Prophet Muhammad is a means to achieve the goal, and he considers the means it's just as important as the destination. If the purpose is noble goal, then he could not be reached except by using the means of a noble, he can only be achieved using means sacred well. Thus, he provided a moral basis in the art of diplomacy and negotiation. The development of modern international relations never stop to be dynamic. This has always been understood by thinkers of international diplomacy by using diverse approaches aimed at their ease in understanding the dynamics of international relations developments itself. And this will lead to a thesis that more complicated for a thought to see and understand it thoroughly explains the complicated developments in it. 82  Or by creating the peace or organizing the law of agreements, so after the peace treaty agreed with no possibility of mutually hostile, unless there is a breach in the agreement. 86 Prophet Muhammad has successfully achieved the goal through diplomatic ways when there is problem in relation among state, person, or tribal. They are negotiation, conciliation, mediation, and arbitration. 87 First, negotiation, it is discussion between two people or two groups who disagree, intended to reach an agreement between them. 88 Hence, discussion, or talks, between the representatives of two or more states which is designed to produce agreement on a point that is a concern or a problem between them. Typical methods for achieving success in negotiation is for the parties to Exchange concessions. In Short, negotiation is communication in any way designed to achieve the objectives pointed out in this entry. 89 Second, conciliation, it is the attempt to resolve a dispute by having it examined in depth by an independent commission of inquiry or conciliation commission, this then offers its recommendation for a settlement, which, in contrast to a decision arrived at by arbitration, is non-binding. 90 This is necessary, because there is not any historical phase absent from the clash and war. So, in case clash and war between two parties, the third party has duty and obligations to reconciliate them. It is impossible for Jurnal Al-Dustur Vol. 4 No. 2 Tahun 2021 ProgramStudiHukum Tata Negara Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Bone clashed parties has own initiative to do reconciliation, because each party conflicted has views. Moreover, the inclusion of neutral third-party hoped can make an attempt to reconcile prospectively. 91 Third, mediation, it is the active search for a negotiated settlement to an international or intrastate conflict by an impartial third party. The search is 'active' in the sense that the work of the intermediary may go so far as to involve drawing up the agenda, calling and chairing negotiating sessions, proposing solutions, and employing threats and promises towards the rivals. 92 The source of the conflict could lies in the scarcity of resources, thus grabbing control of natural resources in particular as well as the exaggerated egocentrism of each country or certain social unitythat is the aspiration to continuously improve the strength and the position in relation to other countries or other social unity. 93 Fourth, arbitration, in Dictionary of Diplomacy, arbitration is the settlement of a dispute through reference to an arbitral tribunal established ad hoc, the members of which may possibly be selected from the (misleadingly called) Permanent Court of Arbitration. An arbitral tribunal may also be established to deal with a class of disputes that have arisen or may be expected to arise out of a particular situation. 94 For instance, an arbitration treaty between two nations offers that all legal disputes arising among them in the next shall be submitted to an international tribunal. 95

Jurnal Al-Dustur Vol. 4 No. 2 Tahun 2021 ProgramStudiHukum Tata Negara Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Bone
At glance, arbitrator become the third party who should take action and a very wise decision maker.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, generally ethic is branch of philosophy which tried to understand a familiar type of evaluation, which categorized by theoretical and applied ethics.
Approaching ethics focused on four aspects; right, good manner, virtue, and communal relationship with others; how it relates to relationship with other parties.
Ethics is usually closely related to worldview, which among other things showed decency. There are other types of views on morality, they are; hedonism, eudemonism, stoisism, utilism, Marxism, vitalism, and idealism.
Islamic ethic, whether religious or philosophical, is eventually based on the Qur'an. It is in this reasoned that the term Islamic ethics is used. The ethical dimensions of the Qur'an and social context are integrated which it was revealed which including in the context of the pagan Arabs and also the early companions or followers of the Prophet.
So, the definition of diplomacy in common is the activity of managing relations between different countries or skill in dealing with people in difficult situations without upsetting or offending them. But, in modern diplomacy, it is the brains of national power, as national moral is its soul. And diplomacy is the instrument of accomodation to establish the precondition for permanent peace. While based on kinds of diplomacy, they are preventive diplomacy, public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, economic diplomacy, and humanitarian diplomacy.
In Islamic tradition, diplomacy defined as the tool for da'wah to the new religion. Diplomacy for Prophet Muhammad is a means to achieve the goal, and he considers the means it's just as important as the destination. If the purpose is noble goal, then he could not be reached except by using the means of a noble, he can only be achieved using means sacred well. Thus, he provided a moral basis in the art of diplomacy and negotiation. Prophet Muhammad has successfully achieved the goal