AI-Generated Transcripts for EFL Listening Monitoring, Regulation, and Reshaping Process Development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30863/didaktika.v20i01.11684Keywords:
AI-generated transcripts, EFL listening, gist-oriented understanding, metacognitive monitoringAbstract
This qualitative case study investigates how 31 intermediate EFL learners used AI-generated transcripts to monitor, regulate, and reshape their listening comprehension during seven weeks of structured listening activities. Data from open-ended questionnaires and focus group discussions were analyzed thematically. The findings show that learners used transcripts as metacognitive scaffolds to compare spoken input with written text, identify misheard words and unfamiliar vocabulary, confirm interpretations, and revise misunderstandings. Rather than passively relying on transcripts, learners used them to verify unclear parts and reflect on comprehension gaps. Transcript use also helped learners shift from word-level decoding to a gist-oriented understanding by making unclear acoustic input more visible. The study suggests that guided use of AI transcripts can promote more reflective, strategic, and autonomous EFL listening.
References
Adhikari, D. P., & Pandey, G. P. (2025). Integrating AI into higher education: transforming teachers' roles to boost student agency. Educational Technology Quarterly, 2025(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.55056/etq.943
Amoozadeh, M., Daniels, D., Nam, D., Kumar, A., Chen, S., Hilton, M., Ragavan, S. S., & Alipour, M. A. (2024). Trust in Generative AI among students: An exploratory study. SIGCSE 2024 - Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 1, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1145/3626252.3630842
Boltiziar, J., & Munkova, D. (2024). Emergency remote teaching of listening comprehension using YouTube videos with captions. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 11367–11383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12282-7
Bozorgian, H., Muhammadpour, M., & Alehchali, A. B. (2025). The effects of metacognitive intervention and metacognitive intervention through dialogic interaction on L2 learners’ listening comprehension and cognitive load. Language Awareness, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2025.2489937
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Chen, Z., Wei, W., & Zou, D. (2026). Generative AI technology and language learning: global language learners’ responses to ChatGPT videos in social media. Interactive Learning Environments, 34(2), 907–920. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2511248
Chua, W. C., Law, C. P., Ooi, Y. H., & Yunus, M. M. (2025). Leveraging AI-generated audio in the metaverse for enhanced English listening skills: an innovative approach. Malaysia Journal of Invention and Innovation, 4(4), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.64382/mjii.v4i4.116
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Cutler, A. (2012). Native listening: Language experience and the recognition of spoken words. MIT Press.
Efklides, A. (2011). Interactions of metacognition with motivation and affect in self-regulated learning: The MASRL model. Educational Psychologist, 46(1), 6–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2011.538645
Field, J. (2008). Revising segmentation hypotheses in first and second language listening. System, 36(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.10.003
Field, J. (2010). Listening in the language classroom. ELT Journal, 64(3), 331–333. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccq026
Field, J. (2013). Cognitive validity of the lecture-listening component of the IELTS. In L. Taylor & C. J. Weir (Eds.), IELTS Collected Papers 2: Research in speaking and writing assessment (pp. 77–121). Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1dB2HxqLz_EC
Gass, S., Van Gorp, K., & Winke, P. (2019). Using different carrots: How incentivization affects proficiency testing outcomes. Foreign Language Annals, 52(2), 216–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12389
Goh, C. C. M. (2000). A cognitive perspective on language learners’ listening comprehension problems. System, 28(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(99)00060-3
Goh, C. C. M. (2018). Metacognition in second language listening. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (pp. 1–7). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0572
Goh, C. C. M. (2023). Learners’ cognitive processing problems during comprehension as a basis for L2 listening research. System, 119, 103164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103164
Graham, S. (2017). Research into Practice: Listening strategies in an instructed classroom setting. Language Teaching, 50(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444816000306
Hennink, M. M. (2014). Focus group discussion: Understanding qualitative research. Oxford University Press.
Hsieh, Y. (2020). Effects of video captioning on EFL vocabulary learning and listening comprehension. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(5–6), 567–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1577898
Huang, J., Saleh, S., & Liu, Y. (2021). A review on Artificial Intelligence in education. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/10.36941/AJIS-2021-0077
Hui, B., & Godfroid, A. (2021). Testing the role of processing speed and automaticity in second language listening. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(5), 1089–1115. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716420000193
James, E. E., Sampson, E. A., Usani, N. E., & Inyang, I. B. (2025). A principal component analysis of the factors influencing university students’ trust in AI-based educational technologies. African Journal of Advances in Science and Technology Research, 18(1), 111–141. https://doi.org/10.62154/ajastr.2025.018.010691
Jones, T. (2025). Bottom‐Up and Top‐Down listening. In M. Reed & J. M. Levis (Eds.), The Handbook of Second Language Listening (pp. 246–259). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394312375.ch18
Lee, P.-J., Liu, Y.-T., & Tseng, W.-T. (2021). One size fits all? In Search of the desirable caption display for second language learners with different caption reliance in listening comprehension. Language Teaching Research, 25(3), 400–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688198564
Liu, Y. (2020). Effects of metacognitive strategy training on Chinese listening comprehension. Languages, 5(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages5020021
Liu, Y., & Li, Y. (2025). AI-driven listening systems in language acquisition: Redefining auditory cognition in the intelligent era. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 6(60), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00748-1
Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. The All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (AISHE-J), 8(3), 3351–3364. http://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335
Martín-Moncunill, D., & Martínez, D. A. (2025). Students’ trust in AI and their verification strategies: A case study at Camilo José Cela University. Education Sciences, 15(10), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101307
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Milliner, B., & Dimoski, B. (2024). The effects of a metacognitive intervention on lower-proficiency EFL learners’ listening comprehension and listening self-efficacy. Language Teaching Research, 28(2), 679–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211004646
Mohebbi, A. (2025). Enabling learner independence and self-regulation in language education using AI tools: a systematic review. Cogent Education, 12(1), 2433814. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2433814
Nguyen, N. L., & Nguyen, T. P. L. (2025). The impact of implementing AI-Generated audio transcriptions on English majors’ cognitive load. AsiaCALL Online Journal, 16(1), 140–158. https://doi.org/10.54855/acoj.251617
Noushad, B., Van Gerven, P. W. M., & de Bruin, A. B. H. (2024). Exploring the use of metacognitive monitoring cues following a diagram completion intervention. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 29(4), 1323–1351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-023-10309-9
Perez, M. M. (2022). Second or foreign language learning through watching audio-visual input and the role of on-screen text. Language Teaching, 55(2), 163–192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444821000501
Pitts, G., Rani, N., Mildort, W., & Cook, E.-M. (2025, June 16). Students’ reliance on AI in higher education: identifying contributing factors. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.13845
Richards, J. C. (1983). Listening comprehension: approach, design, procedure. TESOL Quarterly, 17(2), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586651
Rost, M. (2024). Teaching and researching listening. Routledge.
Safa, M. A., & Motaghi, F. (2024). Cognitive vs. metacognitive scaffolding strategies and EFL learners’ listening comprehension development. Language Teaching Research, 28(3), 987–1010. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211021821
Saito, K., Kachlicka, M., Suzukida, Y., Mora-Plaza, I., Ruan, Y., & Tierney, A. (2024). Auditory processing as perceptual, cognitive, and motoric abilities underlying successful second language acquisition: Interaction model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 50(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001166
Sakuta, D. A., Jusriati, J. & Sari, P. (2026). From scroll to skill 2.0: Integrating YouTube and AI tools to enhance students’ extensive listening skills. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 11(1), 850–872. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v11i01.38933
Schmidt, R. (2001). Attention. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and Second Language Instruction (pp. 3–32). Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt, R. W. (1990). The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning. Applied Linguistics, 11(2), 129–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/11.2.129
Susanto, S. & Nanda, D. S. (2024). Harmonizing sound and script: integrating phonetic symbols within the lexical approach to improve EFL listening skill. English Review: Journal of English Education, 12(1), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v12i1.9224
Teng, M. F., & Teng, L. S. (2025). Metacognition, self-regulation, and self-efficacy in second and foreign language learning. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 7(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.58304/ijts.250624
van Zeeland, H., & Schmitt, N. (2013). Lexical coverage in L1 and L2 listening comprehension: The same or different from reading comprehension? Applied Linguistics, 34(4), 457–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ams074
Vandergrift, L. (2003). Orchestrating strategy use: Toward a model of the skilled second language listener. Language Learning, 53(3), 463–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00232
Vandergrift, L. (2007). Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension research. Language Teaching, 40(3), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444807004338
Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. C. M. (2012). Teaching and learning second language listening: Metacognition in action. Routledge.
Xia, L., Shen, K., Sun, H., An, X., & Dong, Y. (2025). Developing and validating the student learning agency scale in generative artificial intelligence (AI)-supported contexts. Education and Information Technologies, 30, 13999–14021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13137-5
Xiao, Y. (2025). The impact of AI-driven speech recognition on EFL listening comprehension, flow experience, and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12, Article 425, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04672-8
Xu, W., & Ouyang, F. (2022). The Application of AI technologies in STEM education: A systematic review from 2011 to 2021. International Journal of STEM Education, 9, Article 59, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-022-00377-5
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Designs and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Zeng, Y., & Goh, C. C. M. (2018). A self-regulated learning approach to extensive listening and its impact on listening achievement and metacognitive awareness. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.2.2
Zheng, J., Hao, L., Lu, K., Garg, A., Reese, M., Yap, M. J., Wang, I. J., Wu, X., Huang, W., Hoffman, J., Kelly, A., Le, M., Zhang, R., Lin, Y., Faayez, M., & Liu, A. (2025). Do students rely on AI? Analysis of student-ChatGPT conversations from a field study. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.20244
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Cendikia Flory Aristia, Dellis Pratika, Niwayan Sukraini

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlikeInternational License.